Benign (Non-Cancerous) Hematological Disorders

• Anemias: Conditions characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells, such as :
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Vitamin deficiency anemia (B12, folate)
  • Anemia of chronic disease
  • Aplastic anemia (bone marrow failure)
  • Hemolytic anemias (premature destruction of red blood cells)
  • Thalassemia
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Sideroblastic anemia
• Bleeding Disorders: Conditions where the blood doesn't clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding, such as :
  • Hemophilia (Factor VIII or IX deficiency)
  • Von Willebrand disease
  • Platelet disorders (e.g., Immune Thrombocytopenia - ITP)
  • Clotting factor deficiencies
• Clotting Disorders (Thrombophilia): Conditions with an increased risk of blood clots, such as :
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE)
  • Factor V Leiden mutation
  • Prothrombin gene mutation
  • Antiphospholipid syndrome
• White Blood Cell Disorders (Non-Cancerous)
  • Neutropenia (low neutrophil count)
  • Leukopenia (low white blood cell count)
  • Leukocytosis (high white blood cell count)
  • Eosinophilia (high eosinophil count)
• Spleen Disorders
  • Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
  • Hypersplenism (overactive spleen)
• Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) - although considered pre-cancerous, they are often managed by hematologists.
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
• Iron Overload Disorders
  • Hemochromatosis

Malignant (Cancerous) Hematological Disorders (Hemato-oncology)

• Leukemias: Cancers of the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of abnormal blood cells, such as :
  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
  • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
  • Hairy cell leukemia
• Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymphatic system, affecting lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), such as :
  • Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (various subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, etc.)
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (e.g., Mycosis Fungoides)
• Myelomas: Cancers of plasma cells (a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow), such as :
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
  • Amyloidosis (often associated with plasma cell disorders)
• Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs): Cancers where the bone marrow produces too many blood cells, such as :
  • Polycythemia vera (PV)
  • Essential thrombocythemia (ET)
  • Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)

Other Related Conditions

• Transfusion-related issues: Management of blood transfusions and their complications.
• Hematological complications of other diseases: For example, blood clots in cancer patients or anemia in kidney disease.